A
Study of The Journalistic Trends on
TV
News Channels in India: From News to Views
Through Few Case Studies
By
Prof. Komal Shah
National Institute of Mass Communication and
Journalism,
Shapath I, S. G. Highway, Ahmedabad- 380 015
Email: komalvorashah@gmail.com
Paper was presented in the National Conference on Media and Communication
(NCMC-2013), , organized by Jaipuria Institute of Management, Jaipur and the
theme of the conference:: Media and Society in Moving Age 24*7, February 8-9, 2013.
ABSTRACT
This paper
discusses the prevailing media trends in India in a historical context,
highlights the issues being debated on news channels. An underlying premise is
the need for the key stakeholders to strengthen the linkages between the
discourse on media trends in a democracy and their own investments in
communication.
For
this research paper findings have been used from various websites and newspaper
articles. A few in-depth cases have been studied which have hogged maximum air
time on the private news channels. This has helped the researcher to get a
perfect analysis of the development of the story and the projection of the same
by these news channels. TAM reports
have been used to choose the news channel having maximum viewership and the
proprietary holdings of the channel have even been kept in mind while analyzing
the news stories.
Since
the economic liberalization of the early 90’s, electronic media scene in India
has changed from a state-monopolized single channel to market-oriented
multichannel web. In last 20 years it has developed, as some would like to put,
by leaps and bounds but actually it structurally changed from the state
monopoly to a corporate entity.
So-called
fine line between news and views is diminishing quickly, social and
serious content is generously replaced by political debates, corporatized
news selection and sensational news projections. Economic and commercial
compulsions of free market have pushed media to give more space to urban
centric news which gets more audience amongst the urban middle class.
Historical
background
The introduction of TV in 1959 reflected the
attitude of the medium as a means for disseminating government policies, public
information and propaganda. Entertainment was hardly a priority for the state
broadcaster. The main aim of the
national broadcaster Doordarshan was to educate & inform, and to create an
Indian identity. “In reality, it was
a dull, over bureaucratized public broadcasting entity and was perceived as
little more than a mouth piece for the government of the day. Its news coverage
rarely rose above what critics derided as ‘protocol news’- reports on
government ministers inaugurating a major industrial project or receiving a
foreign dignitary“ (Thussu, 2007)
In the 1970’s, partial privatization of airwaves
introduced advertising on the state broadcaster, which was followed by
sponsored programmes. This process received a boost as India opened up to
transnational infotainment corporation in the 1990’s. “At the beginning of the
1990’s, there was no TV industry worth the name in India, by 2007 more than 300
digital channels were operating, including some joint ventures with
international broadcasters” (Thussu, 2007).
Between 1990’s and early 2000’s India’s news TV sector
saw phenomenal growth in the number of
dedicated news channels: from 1 in 1998 to nearly 40 in 2007, most of which
were national, but many international in reach, some catered to the regional
markets. Later Deregulation of the Indian TV news sector (in which government
allows foreign investment upto 26%) has
partly been responsible for the boom of both national & transnational
channels, as private investors have sensed new opportunities for revenue and
influence by going into the television news business. Although the highly
competitive news sector attracts only 4% of national viewership, its share of
TV advertising revenue is nearer 11% (Credit Suisse, 2006)
The television sector in India has grown at 12%p.a.
(2007-2010) and is estimated to continue this strong growth, owing to healthy
advertising spends and increased penetration in semi-urban and rural areas,
mainly by DTH. By the end of 2011, the industry is estimated to reach US$ 7.1
billion, a growth of 14% over 2010. (Deloitte, ASSOCHAM India, 2011)
In most of the developing nations, the privatization
of the airwaves have opened up new territories for transnational media
corporations, as the generally discredited state broadcasters have lost their
monopolies, generating a debate about the ideological imperatives of a
commercially driven media system, dominated by a few extremely powerful
multimedia conglomerates.
As TV news has been commercialized, the need to make
it entertaining has become a crucial priority for broadcasters. As a result,
they are forced to borrow & adapt characteristics from entertainment genres
and modes of conversation with informal communicative style, with emphasis on personalities, style, storytelling
skills and spectacles. Its tendency to follow a tabloid approach its capacity
to circulate trivia, blend fact with fiction and even distort the truth is
troubling. (Downie & Kaiser, 2002; Gitlin, 2002; Anderson, 2004)
These are supplemented by the new genre of reality
TV and its relatives – docudramas, celebrity talk shows, court & crime
enactments, and rescue missions. The growing global popularity of such
infotainment driven programming indicates the success of this hybrid formula.
This media concentration has contributed to a tendency in journalism towards a
socially dysfunctional focus on the ‘bottomline’. (Baker 2007)
Currently TV news is a study in the poverty that
comes with plenty. More channels means more frenzied competition, and the less
sense the viewer gets of the reality behind the political spokesman’s bluster,
or the anchor’s chummy wrapping up of some non discussion’. (Ninan, 2006)
The ‘public’ aspect of news is overridden by private
corporate interests. The woeful lack of coverage of rural problems regarding regular
suicides by small farmers and the negligible reporting of developmental issues
of health, hygiene, educational and employment equality, demonstrates that such
grim stories do not translate into ratings for urban, westernized viewers &
are overshadowed by the diversion of infotainment.
Globalization,
the new economic order of the world, has opened the floodgates to a cut– throat
competition virtually in every sphere of our activities. The media and
communication industries have immensely contributed in facilitating overall
globalization. The impact of globalization is not merely an economic
phenomenon, dictated by the market dominated corporate capitalism but also very
powerful cultural content, shaped by the inseparable intertwining of
advertising, television and internet.(Thussu 2005, Rao 2009)
Corporatization
of Television
The
dictionary meaning of Corporatization is ‘The imposition of corporate values or practices; commercialization’.
Economic
liberalization, globalization and trans-border exposure have created multi
channel environment of broadcasting. Still no one is sure about the useful
information and meaningful entertainment being dished out to the audiences in
the sub-continent. Of course, competition has provided certain amount of
restraint on the part of broadcasting companies and has led to major
modifications in programme planning to meet the audiences’ expectations. In
doing so, the aim has been to increase viewership in order to have better
business.(Agrawal, 2008)
The continuous process of expansion in Indian media industry has
accelerated the growth of mergers, joint ventures and alliances. Last five
years have witnessed takeovers of small and week firms by growing giants of
media. Some comparatively small players are expected to leave the business or
let them eat up in coming years. As per argued by free marketers, it might be a
case of just ‘market-oriented’ competition but keeping in view the current
practices and growing shared interests among corporations, it does not indicate
a healthy sign. Absence of any cross-ownership law has fostered market forces
to run for dominance and monopolization.(Hassan, 2012)
Globalization, foreign direct investment and technological
complexities have put the Indian media in the hands of global barons. Many
Indian TV channels are already being absorbed by international corporate
hegemonies along with small studio and film companies.
[The Walt Disney Company to Acquire Leading
Indian Children's Channel, Hungama TV & Makes Strategic Investment in UTV
Software Communications; PR Newswire]
Television Then
& Now
In
the late 80’s cable and satellite television made CNN and BBC world associable
to their Indian television viewers. During 1995-2003, new form of journalism
came into force in India. India’s television landscape, dominated by two state
controlled TV stations, was ‘invaded’ by numerous indigenous and foreign news
channels. Today multiple language television news channels compete with news
paper circulation impacting the way newspapers report their news. The race for
television rating points (TRP’s) governs the production style of Television
news stations. Market-pressures compel increasingly bottom line oriented main
stream media, with a new emphasis on entertainment and lifestyle coverage. India
has also witnessed the launch of mainly regional as well as Indian editions of
foreign magazines.
Media functions
under multiple constraints, including political pressures of ruling parties and
opposition parties, proprietary demands to meet the bottom line, and the
pressure to sustain the business interest in a regulatory environment,
increasing cover price, pressure to depend more on advertisers than on
subscribers, advertising/ commercial pressures/ priorities, labour and
technology issues, possibilities of government censorship and lobbying
(Ravindran, 1997, Vilanilam 2005)
The
foreign broadcasting companies are accused of carrying out very different
balancing game. This relates to broadcast of alien values life-style and social
ethos. In an edited book International Satellite Broadcasting in South Asia these
have been discussed at length by a number of scholars who have carried out a
series of researches in several Asian countries. It has raised the problem of
cultural domination and ‘undesirable’ influences on the audiences. Since most
news channels are in the hands of private companies, their personal agenda colors
the content of the news reports. Development messages, unless of commercial
value, find little or no place in the bulletins. Every accident, human tragedy,
war or even personal matters are being turned into opportunities for television newscasters,
that too because of commercial considerations.
The
new face of journalism on television news channels has been criticized for a
‘sting operation’ wave post- Tehlka expose (on casting couch in Bollywood,
false sex-racket by Delhi school teacher funded by local business man leading
to ban of the channel by Government of India). Scholars have pointed out issues
like ‘creation of news instead of covering news’ (Agarwal 2005, Sultana 2008),
‘dismal handling of news during disasters and tragedies’ (Simon and Rai 2008,
Gupta 2009) and ‘news as entertainment’ (Thussu 2007).
The
status of the ‘fourth estate’ is now transformed into a trade with its own
hierarchies and remuneration- based value systems; social commitment of the
past is no longer an asset for a journalist or media professional. In the
current situation, the press or the media in general are operated by
businessmen for business goals, occasionally pleading for justice for the poor,
but most of them ignoring the immense problems faced by the majority of the
population.
The
advent of electronic media has given glamour and money to journalists as
professionals and the dotcom boom provided them with an alternative career
avenues. A few journalists have become lobbyist and owner of public relations
agencies as revealed recently in the ‘radia gate’ scandal (Sharma 2010), the
reality of which reflected in press content as well as organizational
structure.
Entertainment
has become the mainstay and the staple diet for Indian television viewers,
where there is a blurring of differences between public service broadcasting
and private television channels. Day in and day out, song and dance sequences,
soap operas and Indian commercial films remain the staple for Indian viewers in
over a dozen languages apart from Hindi and English. There has been a growing
viewership for television in India. Except for a few development messages
relating to literacy and health, little is now on the television screen about
the poor. Transnational television channels have their agenda to attract the
urban English speaking elite who are least concerned about poor, though they
talk a great deal about development.(Agrawal, 2005)
“I
believe the onslaught of global media would be confined to a small proportion
of elite multilingual viewers without touching a large majority who need it
most for their survival” (Agrawal, 2005). Analysis shows how the forces of
market economy, focused towards profits, have begun to shape television
programming philosophy, content and programme schedule. The profit motive is
the strongest driving force; the television channels are willing to do anything
that would help increase the TRP.
The Transparent
and Opaque realities of News Channels
Present
realities include multiple channels, TRP wars, regional channels, technological
advancement, competition with online media, commodification of news, sting
operations of varied nature and relaxation in foreign direct investments (FDI)
norms by the government’ (TRAI 2008). Mobile news updates also compete with TRP
ratings today.
There
are various content sharing agreements and joint ventures not known to the
public. The ownership structures have created newer avenues of profiteering.
Instead of agitating for any contemporary social cause, they make strategic
alliances for their own financial and other interests.
Sensationalism
and yellow journalism have become a part of today’s media. Every event with
considerable news value has to go through sensationalisation and
bollywoodisation. Celebrities are using news channels to promote themselves as
well as their films. Also the political parties are seen promoting themselves
with the help of media. Unabashedly, Media sometimes shows inclination towards
a political party and thus its stand reflects in its reporting. Media must
be careful in allotting space in terms of news and pictures to people who are
clearly not well intentioned like criminals, thugs, and hate mongers of various
kinds. Sometimes media glorifies them by giving them space. It is a duty of a
reporter to look more closely at the issues of social change. In a developing
society relationships are changing and the whole process of social change is
complex. Instead of looking at them superficially they need to go deeper in
terms of finding out as to what is happening in terms of social change. In
earlier times job of media was considered to provide the government critical
support and not to oppose it. However, during the last nearly two decades the
situation has undergone a lot of change. In a developing country like India
handing over everything including our current affairs to the market is a
dangerous trend.
Cases undertaken
to analyse the trends in current Media
1.
Tehelka
, 2001
2.
Coverage
of 26/11 by electronic media, 2008
3.
Radia
tapes controversy, 2010
4.
Nirbhaya-
Rape case, 2012
Review of
Literature
The
topic of the present research is to understand the trends of journalistic
practices on television news channels in India from 2001-2010. The researcher
tried to find out whether any previous researches were conducted on the same
topic or not. No past study conforming exactly to this subject of the said
research has been discovered, at least, nothing came to the notice of this
researcher.
For
this research study a literature review was done using findings of the cases
from various websites and even newspaper articles. . The researcher managed to
find very few results for the article search by first doing an extensive net
search through search engines and online research journals.
Research
Methodology
Statement of Problem :
The
news channels in India moving away from news to views in order to grab more
eyeballs
Is it:
1.
Investigative Journalism/ sensationalism by Tehlka
and its coverage on television news channels
2.
Breaking of standards of Profession in 26/11 news
coverage
3.
Credibility of Media at stake in Radiagate coverage
4.
Hogging the limelight, In the garb of creating social awareness in the Nirbhaya Rape case
Objectives of the research :
The
researcher has attempted to understand the patterns of news coverage by the
television channels and communicate the same to the viewers. The journalistic
ethics involved in the coverage and degree of sensationalism created to maintain
ratings of their respective channels.
Importance of the study:
This
study would help in knowing the standards of journalism and journalistic ethics
in this present era of corporatization of news channels.
Objects of the research:
1.
Understanding
the journalistic trends involved in media
2.
Breaking
of journalistic ethics by media professionals
3.
Involvement
of political, business and corporate entities in the making of news
4.
The
corporate nexus responsible for change of trends
Research Methodology:
This
research has made use of Qualitative research methodology by analyzing the
media trends of four purposive samples from 2001-2012
Tools of research:
The
researcher has used online surfing, newspaper articles, and extensive net
search to trace the history of these four case studies.
Data Analysis:
A
content analysis on the data obtained from various literatures on these cases
was obtained and a conclusion of the same was extracted and stated in the
findings section.
Findings of 2001
Tehlka expose
Tehelka is an Indian weekly political magazine under the editorship
of Tarun Tejpal known for its undercover exposé style of journalism. Its
cover price is Rs 20 per issue. The publication began in 2000 as a news
website, Tehelka.com. It transitioned through a printed newspaper format until
it became a magazine in 2007.
It
first received local prominence in 2001 when it exposed match-fixing in Indian
professional cricket. The same year, an investigation it carried out on defense
procurement, called Operation Westend, received international attention, and
led to the resignation of the then Indian Defense Minister.
In
2001, Tehelka.com exposed the alleged culture of bribery at the Ministry of Defence (India) (MoD) by
setting up a bogus London-based company, and contacted MoD officials for
selling thermal binoculars to the Government of India. Tehelka claimed to have filmed Bangaru
Laxman (then President of the ruling party BJP) taking a
bribe for helping the bogus company in procuring government contracts. During
the process, Tehelka also met Jaya Jaitly, the head of Samata Party and a close aide of the defence minister George
Fernandes. There was an outcry when the
scandal broke, and George Fernandes resigned although he was not accused of
taking bribe. Laxman also resigned, while Jaya Jaitly accused Tehelka
journalists of being Pakistani agents and raised doubts over the authenticity
of the tapes. The tapes were sent to UK for forensic examination, and were
confirmed as genuine.
“We do not like to induce,
we do not like to trap, we do not like to pay. … It is a superbly clean
operation, “Extraordinary stories need extraordinary methods.”” said Harinder Baweja, Tehelka’s Editor for News and
Investigations in an interview.
From the perspective of squeaky-clean journalism,
Tehlka journalists have broken two rules: Firstly, misrepresenting ones
identity as a journalist and secondly, making false promises about
confidentiality. Recently many Indian news channels have been following Tehelka’s lead by staging
taped sting operations — many of them involving sex — and showing the footage,
but some people question where the
line between the public interest and lewd sexual gratification has been drawn.
Tehelka and other news outlets
like it, bring out a paradox in journalistic ethics: If getting the truth is
paramount then don’t reporters sometimes bend the truth to get the story?
Findings of
2008, Mumbai terrorist attack
For
6o hours Mumbai burned with the blaze of terror attacks on 26 November 2008. In
these 6o hours, it claimed almost 200 lives as many places of the city went
under siege. And for 60 hours, all the Indians, irrespective of their religious
or regional identities, were glued to their TV sets. The attacks, which drew
widespread condemnation across the world, began on 26 November 2008 and lasted
until 29 November, killing at least 173 people and wounding at least 308.
As
the terror unfolded on the streets of Mumbai, television channels gave a
minute-by-minute coverage of information about the November 2008 attacks, some
of which was considered confidential. News reports continually focused on each
and every move of the terrorist attacks at Taj and all the other areas of
Mumbai. People remained glued to their television sets as the dreadful drama unfolded
on television. While brave officers lost their lives, television journalists
held microphones before distraught people to know their reactions. Every
minute, channels gave ‘live coverage’ about Mumbai’s 26/11 terror attacks.
As the ‘Breaking News’ flashed across all the television channels, one wondered
if it was ‘yet another scoop’! Brave journalists rushed with their cameramen to
capture live footage of terrorism in Mumbai
All
ethics of journalism took a backseat as reporters strived to outdo each other
to grab eyeballs and boost ratings. Concerned viewers who tuned in to get the
updates on the vicious massacre had no choice but hear reporters ‘shouting’ out
the news as the saga unfolded. Breaking all security cordons, and putting not
only theirs but also the lives of other security personnel in jeopardy, members
of the media bloated in self importance as their reports went on-air. Reporting
live, many journalists spiced up their coverage by speaking in a panic stricken
tone, which became ‘the’ formula to catch the viewer’s attention. Many
reporters from the Hindi electronic media resorted to stunts like lying on the
ground to relay the news, which was clearly unnecessary as their very own
camera crew were standing!
The
media has also been widely criticized for not exercising restraint while giving
details of the operations conducted by the forces. At a press conference,
Suresh Mehta, then chief admiral of navy, also blasted the media for their
irresponsible reporting. He said, “Do you really have to give minute-by-minute
coverage? Media is an enabling instrument, but today it is a disabling
instrument.”
Findings of
2010, Radia tapes
Over 10 days after the story broke in the Open Magazine & Outlook in Nov, 2010,
the rest of the media seemed to have gotten into the act of covering the
Radiatapes – especially the ethics of journalists on the tapes.
Top journalists were heard discussing who should be
in the next cabinet with influential lobbyist Niira Radia after the 2009
general elections. Radia worked as a lobbyist for two of India's biggest
industrialists: Mukesh Ambani, head of Reliance Industries, and Ratan Tata,
whose conglomerate's interests include phone operator Tata Teleservices. In the
taped conversations, Niira Radia was apparently pushing for A. Raja, a south
Indian politician, to be reinstated as a minister.
The 'Radiagate'
controversy triggered a heated debate about media ethics. "The lesson that
the media should learn is that they are really judged in the court of the
people. And what they do must not only seem legal but also proper. And over the
years they have become a little complacent because of their closeness with the
rich and the powerful." The controversy had caused heated debates among
journalists, in press clubs and other forums.
And finally, while the trickle of coverage becomes a deluge –
it would be good to remember that the journalists in this entire
affair are basically smart deceivers – and the bigger story is that of who
benefits from this entire episode and leaks.
Findings of 2012,
Delhi Gang Rape case
It was late
evening on Dec 16, 2012 when a 23 year old physiotherapy intern who was headed
home after watching a movie with one of her male friend, was raped in a moving
Delhi bus. The private bus with tinted windows and curtains was under the
control of a group of men with criminal mindset, the driver and conductor
included. Once the bus began moving, the six men in the bus caught hold of the
woman and dragged her to the back. Her male friend was also assaulted when he
tried to fight them. If that was not enough, one or more than one of them
tortured her with an iron rod. Later they were dumped on the roadside, where
they lay naked till the time someone cared to inform the police. The woman
struggled for life at the Safdarjung Hospital and was later shifted to
Singapore by the Government authorities citing critical condition of the
patient, where she succumbed to her injuries on Dec 29, 2012.
The
media in this case propagated mob justice by posing speculative questions on
their debate sessions and motivating many from the Urban area to uphold their
‘right to expression’ as their fundamental right. The whole country had
witnessed mob outrage in all urban settlements. It has been observed that
before this case being reported in the media many such incidents have taken
place but hardly any have been reported so aggressively. The media is always in
the lookout for personalities been involved in a high profile case as these
would help them grab more TRP’s (i.e. advertising revenues in turn). It was
observed that even during the broadcast of such grave news media did not take
any precaution of not airing obscene advertisements during the short breaks. Here,
we see the sensitivity of media towards the society.
There
were many fingers pointing at the role of media in:
-
Abject
vulnerability of the middle class when such issues are raised by the media
-
Creating
hysteria and absolute no restraint while reporting such a sensitive issue
-
Government
broadcast coming forward to fend off the attacks from their private partners
-
The
amount of media attention the case received
-
Media
treatment accorded to the case
-
Sensationalisation of the issue and not giving
space to rational thought with a commitment to human rights.
-
Imbalanced
panel discussions having no regards for fair standard trials
-
Self
life of the case as per media interest in pursuing the same on their respective
channels
Today
we find courtrooms in our house every evening, where speculative journalism is
propagated in each and every section of the urban society. When & Where
will the major population issues find it’s due on such national channels. Do we
need a replication of such incidents to take place in an urban setup for the
issue to get its due on national media? Is the rural population insignificant
section of India?
Conclusion
1.
2001 Tehelka exposure :
Tehelka used
a wily combination of impersonation, hidden cameras and bribery (all these
being culpable offences under Indian Law) to get their tape recordings. The
Government of India contends that if public interest was a prime concern, the
tapes should not have gone public in such an explosive fashion. But on the
other hand, it can be argued quite logically that if the tapes had not been
revealed so spectacularly, they would have lost much of their impact. No doubt
the largest party in the ruling alliance had been shaken, and some of their
political allies unnerved. The Defence Minister had resigned, and higher
echelons of the armed forces had been tainted to some extent. This leads us to
the crux of the matter. What was the real purpose of this expose- Public
interest or Tehelka's fame
and fortune?
2.
26/11 coverage by media :
It
was good that media covered the issue so that it can reach to the people but
the issue was sensationalized by the media. The ethics of journalism was
forgotten as the reporters strived to outdo each other to grab the attentions
from the audiences and boost ratings. Breaking all security concerns, and
putting not only theirs but also the lives of other security personnel in danger,
members of the media overfed themselves in self importance as their reports
went on-air. Was it right to give information about live operations?
3.
2010 Radiagate issue :
In showing their proximity to
political and business bosses, journalists have been probing new depths in
unethical behaviour. Ultimately, they have to ask themselves why they are in
the trade: to push agendas, to be kingmakers and queen makers or simply to do a
job?
The question a journalist’s
face post-Radiagate is: Who should set the norms? Some journalists have
their own norms and principles, irrespective of the media organisation they work
for. And a few media organizations have specific rules and codes. These
codes cover actual favors taken by journalists, including freebies. But what do
you do about influence mongering? Is that a corrupt practice? There can be no
code, nor any policing on this.
- 2012: Delhi Gang Rape Case
Though the
incident unveiled the impotency of the government machinery as it has always in
the past, the media was even to blame for their role in continuously pursuing
the issue; at the cost of invasion of privacy; in the name of creating public
opinion.
In the past few years, media
(specially broadcast media) has diverged into opinionated journalism practices,
where not even an hour’s breather is allotted for the story to unfold. Today the concerned machineries are expected to tell
the media within a couple of hours of an incident occurring: who the
culprit is. If they cannot they will be badgered. Here the complete
picture of the case becomes secondary and prominence is emphasized on punishing
and proving guilty anyone whose priama
facie appears to be the culprit (as per their own findings).
There were many such conjectures coined into the public discourse while
Delhi Gang Rape case was subjudice in the court of law. Is this type of
vigilantism from media acceptable in a democratic country like India where Judiciary
is a sacred institution?
Conclusion
According
to our constitution we have freedom of speech and expression but efforts must
be made to reach as near the truth as possible.
About
the sting operations carried out by News Media, it has become a source for
higher TRPs than the principle on which they are conducted in the first place.
The channels may defend their stand under the guise of investigative
journalism, and no one can explain the loose ends that the sting operations
seem to leave behind.
Editors and
owners of the media industry must pay attention to proper self-regulation that
would ensure accountability, and lessen its dependence on advertising and
marketing strategies, and the increasing commoditization of news. Newspaper
owners and broadcast media managers must recognize that news is not an
unethical practice of ‘paid news’ and ‘private treaties’, and this be dispensed
with as quickly as possible. Journalists must have the product. They must
ensure that increase in readership or viewership is not attained at the cost of
credibility. Media’s right to express what they believe to be true, just and
fair should not be misappropriated for profit-motives or commercial interests
of an individual or organization. For this to happen, media workers have to
assert their own economic independence, affinity for truth and above all their
self-esteem.
The growing intrusion
of media into the political domain in many countries has led critics to worry
about the approach of the ‘media driven republic’ in which media will usurp the
functions of political institutions.
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